**Operationalization** is the process of converting abstract concepts or variables into measurable and observable factors. It allows researchers to define how a concept will be measured in practice. **Proxy measurement** involves using an indirect variable to represent a concept when direct measurement is difficult or impossible. It serves as a substitute for the actual variable of interest.

Operationalization is the process of defining variables into measurable factors. Proxy measurement is using a variable that indirectly measures the concept you're interested in when direct measurement is difficult or impossible.

Done

Operationalization is the advanced concept of measurements.

I learned operationalization and proxy

I learned operationalization and proxy measurement.

done

done

AOA, I learned in this lecture about operationalization and proxy estimation.